Archives du blog

mercredi 26 août 2020

PETRA

HOME / HISTORY /

Explore the Fascinating History of Petra, a Once-Lost City That’s Now a Wonder of the World

  •  
  •  
Aerial View of the Treasury in Petra
Photo: Stock Photos from jaras72/Shutterstock
Also known as the Rose City, the prehistoric city of Petra is an incredible spectacle that one must see to believe. The once-thriving trade center was settled in the 4th century BCE. Its architecture, which is carved into the red sandstone cliffs, has helped make it one of the New 7 Wonders of the World. Located in the desert canyons of southwestern Jordan, Petra was the capital of the ancient Nabataean civilization.
Stretching over 102 square miles, Petra is an incredible site that attracted over one million tourists in 2019. Astoundingly, what we see today is just a fraction of what the ancient city has to offer. Archeologists have only excavated 15% of the site, so an amazing 85% of it is still buried underground.
For those who have never visited, you may still be familiar with Petra thanks to its role on the silver screen. Films like Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, The Mummy Returns, and Aladin have all used its unique archeology as a backdrop.
The Siq in Petra
Photo: Stock Photos from Usoltceva Anastasiia/Shutterstock
Today, when people approach the site, they'll find themselves following the same path that traders and visitors have been using since Petra was created. A long, curving gorge known as the Siq is a prelude to what awaits. Literally translating to “the shaft,” the three-quarters of a mile long trek builds anticipation for what lies ahead. Decorations that include a carved camel and niches that would have held Baetylus—sculptural embodiments of gods—adorn the path.
Though it may seem like a long walk to get to the main action, it's well worth soaking in the moment. Soon enough, the first glimpse of Petra's famous architecture will appear.

The Nabataeans

Ad Deir - The Monastery in Petra
Photo: Stock Photos from tenkl/Shutterstock
The Nabataeans were a nomadic Bedouin tribe that traversed the Arabian desert and created Petra. They emerged as a political power between the 2nd and 4th centuries BCE and set about building their capital, which we now call Petra. However, this was not the city's original name, as the Nabataeans referred to it as Raqmu.
Nabataean culture gained wealth and stability thanks to its control over a trading network that was critical to the ancient world. Because of their involvement in trade, they were exposed to and influenced by different cultures from the Mediterranean and Arab world. These influences were incorporated into their religion and culture.
Petra is an incredible expression of their wealth and power. At one time, it was home to 30,000 people. Thanks to its strategic location, it was a difficult city to conquer, and later, when the Nabataeans were overcome by the Romans, it only continued to expand. In fact, it's possible to see the influence of Roman architecture throughout Petra.
The Nabataean kingdom continued to thrive for several centuries after it was annexed into the Roman kingdom in 106 CE. But eventually, for reasons that aren't quite clear, they fell into squalor and their land was divided up among different Arab kingdoms.

The Rediscovery of Petra

The Treasury as Seen from The Siq in Petra
Photo: Stock Photos from klempa/Shutterstock
Petra was largely abandoned after the 8th century CE. Though nomadic shepherds continued to use the structures for shelter, it stayed unknown to the Western world for over a thousand years. That all changed in the 19th century when Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt “discovered” the ruins.
Burckhardt was traveling to Syria to improve his Arabic when he heard the story of a German explorer who had been murdered while searching for the lost city of Petra. Determined to find it, Burckhardt used the name Sheikh Ibrahim Ibn Abdallah to hide his identity and went about embedding himself into society. After several years in Aleppo, he felt confident enough to make the journey to Cairo and hopefully pass by the ruins.
It was while traveling inland in Jordan on the way to Aqaba that he heard rumors about ancient ruins nearby. As this coincided with what he'd heard previously about Petra, he pretended that he wanted to sacrifice his goat and asked his local guide to take him to the tombs to do so. It was at this point that he was led through the Siq and, in 1812, became the first Westerner to view Petra.
Petra in Jordan
Photo: Stock Photos from Firebird007/Shutterstock
“An excavated mausoleum came in view, the situation and beauty of which are calculated to make an extraordinary impression upon the traveler, after having traversed for nearly half an hour such a gloomy and almost subterraneous passage as I have described,” he wrote in a book recalling his travels. “In comparing the testimonies of the authors cited in Reland's Palastina, it appears very probable that the ruins in Wady Mousa are those of the ancient Petra, and it is remarkable that Eusebius says the tomb of Aaron was shewn near Petra. Of this at least I am persuaded, from all the information I procured, that there is no other ruin between the extremities of the Dead Sea and the Red Sea, of sufficient importance to answer to that city.”
After Burckhardt's amazing discovery, many Western explorers came to Petra to make drawings of the structures and study its architecture. This paved the way for its beauty to be known across the globe.

Al Khazneh

Al Khazneh at Petra
Photo: Stock Photos from Richie Chan/Shutterstock
One of Petra's most iconic structures is Al Khazneh, the Treasury. Carved into the face of red sandstone rock, it rises up 127 feet high and is nearly 82 feet wide. It stands at the most important entry into Petra from the Siq, and its importance is underscored by its elaborate decoration. Almost Hellenistic in style, it's adorned with floral and figurative decoration as well as architectural elements like columns and pediments that recall ancient Greek temples.
Though it's called the Treasury, the structure is actually a tomb. Given its prominent location, archaeologists are almost certain that it was the tomb for a Nabataean king or queen. Unfortunately, as no coins or pottery have been found that could help unravel the mystery, we still don't know the exact date of its creation or for whom it was created. However, King Aretas IV, who ruled between 9 BCE and 40 CE, is a likely candidate. As the Nabataean's most successful ruler, he led at a time when Petra was at its peak and many of its buildings were constructed.
The Treasury at Petra
Photo: Stock Photos from Aleksandra H. Kossowska/Shutterstock
So if Al Khazneh is a tomb, why do people call it the Treasury? This stems from the early 20th century when Bedouins became convinced that the urn on the second story contained the treasure of an Egyptian Pharoah. In fact, they were so sure that they continuously shot at it hoping to release the treasure. After that, the name stuck. Appropriately, in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Al Khazneh is used as the location of the Holy Grail—one of the world's ultimate treasures.

Today, millions flock to drink in the majestic architecture of Petra and marvel at the prehistoric society that left behind such a big impression.

Petra in Jordan
Photo: Stock Photos from Truba7113/Shutterstock
Rose City of Petra
Photo: Stock Photos from Ronsmith/Shutterstock
Stone Caves at Petra
Photo: Stock Photos from upslim/Shutterstock

Related Articles:

8 of the World’s Most Awe-Inspiring Ancient Ruins

10 Facts About the Parthenon, the Icon of Ancient Greece

Hagia Sophia: Explore the Rich History of Istanbul’s Architectural Gem

Herculaneum: Pompeii’s Sister City That Survived a Volcanic Eruption in Ancient Rome

PARTHENON / 447-432 i.e.n

HOME / HISTORY /

10 Facts About the Parthenon, the Icon of Ancient Greece

  •  
  •  
Facts About The Parthenon in Greece
Photo: Stock Photos from anyaivanova/Shutterstock
When one thinks of history's great civilizations, it's impossible not to include the ancient Greeks. For centuries, they helped give birth to Western culture as we now know it. From law and politics to athletics and architecture, the ancient Greeks have left an indelible mark on society. And perhaps there's no building that evokes ancient Greece more than the Parthenon.
Located on the Acropolis in Athens, the Parthenon was constructed at the peak of the Greek empire. Started in 447 BCE, it took nine years for the structure to be completed and an additional six to finish all of the decorative elements. Built in the Classical architectural style, its proportions have been studied for centuries. It was once even thought that it approximated the golden ratio in its construction, though this has since been disproved.
As one of the most famous attractions in the world, the Parthenon draws millions of visitors each year who flock in to appreciate its majestic form. With so much history, there's a lot to learn about this iconic piece of architecture. Let's take a look at some of the most interesting facts about the Parthenon, the apex of Greek architecture.
Facts About the Parthenon
Photo: Stock Photos from Sven Hansche/Shutterstock

IT’S DEDICATED TO A GREEK GODDESS.

The Parthenon is dedicated to the patron saint of Athens—the goddess Athena. A small shrine to the goddess has been excavated inside, located on the site of a previous sanctuary.

IT’S NOT THE FIRST TEMPLE ON THIS SPACE.

The history of the Acropolis goes back much farther than the Parthenon itself. In fact, the temple sits on a site of a much older temple dedicated to Athena, which is now referred to as the Pre-Parthenon or Old Parthenon. This older temple was destroyed during the Persian war in 480 BCE while it was still under construction. After laying in ruins for over 30 years, the Greeks decided to revive the site and build the current Parthenon.

Where are the Parthenon Marbles?
Photo: Stock Photos from Mark Higgins/Shutterstock

FOR A TIME, IT WAS USED AS A MOSQUE.

As is typical of many ancient buildings, the Parthenon underwent several transformations during its long history. In the 1460s, when Greece was under Ottoman rule, the temple was transformed into a mosque and stayed that way for nearly 200 years. Interestingly, the minaret was formed from a tower that was in place because prior, it had been used as a Catholic church.

SOME OF ITS GREATEST TREASURES ARE LOCATED IN LONDON.

While Greece was still under Ottoman rule, Scottish nobleman Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin removed about half of the Parthenon's surviving sculptures. Claiming he had permission from the Ottomans, between 1800 and 1803 they were transported by sea to Britain and now reside in the British Museum. As some of the greatest examples of Classical Greek sculpture, the Parthenon Marbles—or Elgin Marbles—are controversial due to their location in London. The Greek government has called for the restitution of the precious sculptures for many years, with experts arguing both sides of the case.

Facts About The Parthenon in Greece
Photo: Stock Photos from Anastasios71/Shutterstock

ITS NAME HAS AN INTERESTING ORIGIN.

The Parthenon's name comes from the Greek word παρθενών, which translates to “unmarried women's apartments.” It's believed that the word is related specifically to one room within the Parthenon, though historians debate exactly which room. While there are different theories, it's possible that maidens (parthenoiwho participated in sacrifices to the goddess Athena helped give rise to the name.

IT’S NOT ACTUALLY A TEMPLE.

While we refer to the Parthenon as a temple—and it looks like one architecturally—the building doesn't function quite the way one would think. Traditionally, a temple would host a cult image of Athena—the patron saint. Instead, the main cult image of Athena Polias is located in a different area of the Acropolis. While a colossal statue of Athena by the famed sculptor Phidias would have been located inside the Parthenon, it was not related to a particular cult and so would not have been worshipped.

The Parthenon in Color
Photo: Jordi Payà from Barcelona, Catalonia. Animated by Fallschirmjäger [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

IT WAS ORIGINALLY QUITE COLORFUL.

While we often think of classical art as being white and pristine, the Parthenon—as with much Greek architecture and sculpture—would have been colored originally. While historians debate just how much of the structure would have been covered in color, archaeologist often use UV light to uncover pigments that have now been lost.

IT’S ONE OF THE FINEST EXAMPLES OF GREEK ARCHITECTURE.

As one of the most iconic buildings in the world, the Parthenon has come to exemplify Greek architecture. The base measures 228 feet by 101 feet and it is an incredible example of the Doric order. This means that its columns have fluted shafts and simple capitals. The impressive pediments that cap each end of the building would have been filled with sculpted figures and a continuous frieze would have run around the cella—inner chamber—and lintels of the inner columns.

Nashville Parthenon Replica
Photo: Stock Photos from ESB Professional/Shutterstock

IT WAS BOMBED DURING THE GREAT TURKISH WAR.

The war between the Ottoman Empire and an alliance known as the Holy League proved devastating for the Parthenon. The temple was still being used as a mosque when the Ottomans adopted it as an ammunition dump during the war. This was a disastrous choice, as the Venetians bombed the area, causing the ammunition to explode and heavily damaging the Parthenon and its sculptures.

THERE IS A FULL-SCALE REPLICA IN THE UNITED STATES.

You don't have to go all the way to Greece to experience the Parthenon. There's a meticulously detailed replica located in Centennial Park, in Nashville, Tennessee. Built in 1897 as part of the Tennessee Centennial Exposition, it also has replicas of the Parthenon marbles cast directly from the originals. In 1990, local sculptor Alan LeQuire installed a replica of Phidias' massive Athena Parthenos, completing the recreation.

Enjoy more stunning images of this shining example of Greek architecture.

What Was the Parthenon Used For?
Photo: Stock Photos from Emily Goodwin/Shutterstock
Facts About The Parthenon in Greece
Photo: Stock Photos from Petr F. Marek/Shutterstock
Where is the Parthenon?
Photo: Stock Photos from Aerial-Motion/Shutterstock

Related Articles:

JESSICA STEWART

Jessica Stewart is a Contributing Writer and Digital Media Specialist for My Modern Met, as well as a curator and art historian. She earned her MA in Renaissance Studies from University College London and now lives in Rome, Italy. She cultivated expertise in street art which led to the purchase of her photographic archive by the Treccani Italian Encyclopedia in 2014. When she’s not spending time with her three dogs, she also manages the studio of a successful street artist. In 2013, she authored the book 'Street Art Stories Roma' and most recently contributed to 'Crossroads: A Glimpse Into the Life of Alice Pasquini'. You can follow her adventures online at @romephotoblog.

lundi 24 août 2020

RUSIA SI EXTREMA DREAPTA OCCIDENTALA (2017)



Russia and the Western Far Right (Routledge Studies in Fascism and the Far Right), 1st Edition
by Anton Shekhovtsov (Author), Publisher: Routledge; 1 edition (September 19, 2017)

LA RUSSIE ET L’EXTRÊME-DROITE EUROPÉENNE : UN CHOIX PAR DÉFAUT

Marie-Thérèse Straggiotti
Publié le 15 novembre 2017

Les formations d’extrême-droite en Europe sont utilisées par le pouvoir russe pour saper les fondements de la démocratie libérale. Chercheur à l’Institue for Euro-Atlantic Cooperation, Anton Shekhovtsov a publié un livre intitulé Russia and the Western Far Right. Tango noir (éd. Routledge). Il a présenté ses analyses à l’ECFR de Paris (European Council on Foreign Relations) au cours d’un débat avec Thorniké Gordadzé, ancien ministre de Géorgie, conseiller auprès de l’Institut des hautes études de la défense nationale.
La Russie et l’extrême-droite sont à la recherche d’une légitimité réciproque mais c’est un second choix. Vladimir Poutine préférerait s’allier avec des partis "convenables".

KATEHON.com 2016


Heinz-Christian Strache, président du FPÖ autrichien, et Vladimir Poutine


Légitimation mutuelle ? Oui, mais… davantage. Les caisses de résonance, comme on disait autrefois, offertes par les partis d’extrême-droite à l’argumentation de la politique russe, notamment de sa politique étrangère, sont certainement très utiles pour asseoir un soft-power russe, et même pour rendre cette politique populaire. Au Moyen-Orient en particulier Moscou a besoin de montrer que la Russie n’est pas isolée, que loin d’être marginale elle participe à la construction de la paix. Pour le faire elle a besoin de commentateurs occidentaux.
La légitimation de l’extrême droite dans les pays européens par le soutien de la Russie est peut-être moins directe. Elle passe d’abord par de communes oppositions.
L’anticommunisme historique de la droite – encore qu’il n’ait plus lieu d’être s’agissant de la Russie où seul Zyouganov est encore communiste – se fond dans des « contre » toujours d’actualité : on est contre l’Amérique (même avec Trump, ça ne passe pas, l’anti-américanisme dans certains partis est parfois indestructible), contre l’OTAN naturellement, et surtout contre "l’establishment". Et Poutine depuis toujours est contre l’internationalisme
Mais alors pourquoi seulement l’extrême droite semble-t-elle concernée ? Lors des élections présidentielles françaises, trois des quatre candidats retenus après le premier tour étaient des amis de la Russie, l’un à droite (François Fillon), l’autre à l’extrême droite (Marine Le Pen) et le troisième à l’extrême gauche (Jean-Luc Mélenchon).

Une idéologie flexible
Mélenchon, pour les Russes, ce n’est pas intéressant (Combien de divisions ?) Ce n’est pas une question d’idéologie. L’idéologie, chez Poutine, est un instrument flexible. Les « acteurs » russes sur la scène internationale, et même dans le pays, ont besoin d’un support. On y met ce qu’il faut, avec l’aide de l’idéologue en chef, Alexandre Douguine, et de quelques autres philosophes ou politiciens appelés à la rescousse quand c’est nécessaire ; ça n’a pas d’importance, on met ce qu’il faut.
Les partis d’extrême-droite ont besoin d’un modèle alternatif par rapport au main stream, ils ont besoin d’une référence. On leur donne un «  patriotic sovereign state  », qui en plus défend les valeurs de la civilisation chrétienne occidentale.
Les gens des partis de la droite extrême ne connaissent rien à la Russie, et c’est tant mieux. On dit aussi que ces partis sont soutenus davantage par des entreprises petites ou moyennes que par les très grandes, et que pour elles le marché russe n’est pas sans attrait. Cela pourrait jouer un rôle dans l’Italie du Nord par exemple, pour les partisans de la Ligue.
Il y a un autre modèle, concurrent, internationaliste, mondialiste, globalisateur : la Chine est taboue dans le langage du pouvoir russe. On se complimente mutuellement sur sa force et son attractivité, et on s’en tient là.

Lors de l’élection présidentielle française, le candidat de la droite ami de la Russie a disparu rapidement de la scène politique, mis en cause personnellement. Sinon, il eut parfaitement fait l’affaire des Russes : ce n’est pas un choix délibéré pour eux que celui des extrêmes-droites, c’est plutôt un choix par défaut. Ils essaient cependant de s’attirer les bonnes grâces de partis ou de personnalités établis, en Allemagne avec Gerhard Schröder, en Autriche où ils préféreraient des liens avec les conservateurs plutôt qu’avec les populistes, mais ça ne marche pas toujours. Le FPÖ, qui devrait faire partie de la prochaine coalition à Vienne a passé un accord avec Russie unie, le parti officiel de Vladilir Poutine. Il n’y a pas de discussion de fond sur l’idéologie, explique Anton Shekhovtsov : un islamiste pro-régime est bon, un islamiste opposant est mauvais.

Le rôle de la corruption
Il faut simplement réorganiser l’approche. Si on parle de la corruption, un thème tout de même discriminant lors des élections en Russie ou en Ukraine, et bien sûr en Géorgie, le message russe est ambigu, explique Thornike Gordadze : 1) la corruption, c’est mal et on la combat ; 2) il est impossible d’éradiquer la corruption — c’est une disposition "culturelle" ; 3) on ne peut que la « discipliner », on la rend civilisée et acceptable (on tue moins, etc.) La Géorgie a tenté de lutter contre la corruption. Oui, mais c’est plus facile dans un petit pays et ça ne signifie rien pour un grand pays comme la Russie.
Et ce qui importe désormais, ce n’est pas la corruption mais la « loyauté » ; la corruption n’a plus d’importance pourvu qu’on soit loyal envers le pouvoir. Elle sert aussi à s’attirer le soutien des formations d’extrême-droite européennes à la recherche de financement que leur refusent parfois les banques nationales. On l’a vu avec le Front national qui a contracté des emprunts auprès d’une filiale d’une banque russe établie en République tchèque.
Le seul vrai souci de Vladimir Poutine, dit Anton Shekhovtsov, c’est de protéger le régime, pas l’Etat, mais le système.

Quand l’extrême droite européenne copine avec le Kremlin


Par : Marion Candau | EURACTIV.fr 16 nov. 2017 (mis à jour:  21 nov. 2017) https://www.euractiv.fr/section/l-europe-dans-le-monde/news/quand-lextreme-droite-europeenne-copine-avec-le-kremlin/



Marine Le Pen lors de sa visite au Kremlin le 24 mars 2017. [@EPA/MICHAEL KLIMENTYEV/SPUTNIK/KREMLIN / POOL MANDATORY CRE]

     Front national en France, Ligue du Nord en Italie, ou FPÖ en Autriche, les partis d’extrême droite en Europe bénéficient largement du soutien de Vladimir Poutine. Et vice et versa.

Les partis du groupe Europe des nations et des libertés du Parlement européen ont une fâcheuse tendance à aller chercher du soutien auprès du Kremlin. Quant à Vladimir Poutine, trouver un allié chez les dirigeants des partis traditionnels en Europe relève d’un véritable casse-tête. À défaut, il se tourne donc vers les partis qui l’aideront à déstabiliser l’UE.

« Les partis d’extrême droite n’ont pas été créés par la Russie, mais ils entretiennent avec elle de fortes affinités idéologiques », assure Fredrik Wesslau, de l’European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), lors d’une conférence sur le sujet à Paris, le 14 novembre.

En effet la montée du populisme en Europe depuis quelques années n’est pas le résultat d’une manœuvre politique de Vladimir Poutine, mais ce dernier sait comment en tirer profit.

« Cette coopération est utile au Kremlin pour légitimer ses politiques à l’intérieur du pays, pour montrer que la Russie n’est pas isolée, pour dire ‘regardez, beaucoup d’Européens adhèrent à nos idées’ », explique quant à lui Anton Shekhovtsov, chercheur à l’Institut des sciences humaines à Vienne et auteur de Russia and the Western Far Right : Tango Noir.

L’exemple du FN

Ainsi, en 2014, Médiapart révélait que le Front national avait obtenu un prêt de 9 millions d’euros par une banque russe, la First Czech-Russian Bank (FCRB). En soi, rien d’illégal. Marine Le Pen s’était d’ailleurs justifiée en disant que les banques françaises n’avaient pas voulu lui accorder de prêts ; et qu’il avait donc bien fallu aller chercher l’argent ailleurs.

Le scandale a tout de même débouché sur une résolution européenne, adoptée le 10 juin 2015 pour demander la réglementation de l’aide financière, politique ou technique fournie par la Russie à des partis politiques européens.

Une décision qui n’a pas empêché Marine Le Pen de s’afficher aux côtés de Vladimir Poutine en mars 2017, un mois jour pour jour avant le premier tour de l’élection présidentielle française. La relation entre le Front national et la Russie n’est donc pas seulement financière. À l’époque, le président russe comptait d’ailleurs sur la promesse de Marine Le Pen de reconnaître l’annexion de la Crimée si elle accède à l’Élysée.

Kiev dénonce la visite d'un eurodéputé tchèque en Crimée
L’Ukraine a dénoncé le voyage programmé de Miroslaw Ransdorf, eurodéputé tchèque, en Crimée le 19 juin. Cette visite « discrédite » le Parlement européen selon l’ambassadeur. La Commission estime que les autorités nationales doivent agir lorsque les sanctions de l’UE visant le territoire russe sont transgressées.

Au moment du référendum en Crimée en 2014, une ONG belge pro-russe, l’Observatoire eurasien pour la démocratie et les élections (OEDE), a pour sa part invité plusieurs partis d’extrême droite européens en qualité d’observateurs. Officiellement, le FN et FPÖ autrichien ont décliné l’invitation, mais Aymeric Chauprade, alors conseiller de Marine Le Pen pour les questions internationales, faisait bien partie des « experts » internationaux présents lors du référendum.

Quelques mois plus tard, un eurodéputé frontiste, Jean-Luc Schaffhauser, se rend cette fois dans le Donbass pour jouer le même rôle lors des « élections » organisées par les séparatistes pro-russes de cette région d’Ukraine, rapportait alors Le Monde.

Quête mutuelle de légitimité

FN, Ligue du Nord et compagnie sont surtout utiles à Vladimir Poutine pour promouvoir et légitimer la politique russe à l’étranger. A contrario, ces partis pro-russes ont besoin de la Russie, car le pays représente une puissance mondiale qui partage leurs idées.

Identité chrétienne, anti américanisme, anti démocratie libérale, anti mariage pour tous, nationalisme et anti multiculturalisme sont quelques-unes des idéologies communes aux partis populistes et à Vladimir Poutine, qui partagent surtout une ambition: désunir l’Europe.

Poutine soutient l'extrême droite pour diviser l'Europe
Le vice-président de la Commission européenne Frans Timmermans estime que le président russe Vladimir Poutine soutient l’extrême droite et entretient des liens avec Marine Le Pen dans le but de diviser l’Europe pour l’affaiblir.

Soutien médiatique

Et rien de cela ne pourrait arriver sans le soutien précieux des médias détenus par l’État russe, comme Sputnik ou Russia Today 

lundi 17 août 2020

ISMAIL KADARE














Ismail Kadare, n. in 1936 (82 ani) la Gjirokaster, in sudul Albaniei. Studii la universitatea din Tirana si la Institutul de Literatura Maxim Gorki din Moscova, pe care il paraseste dupa ruptura ruso-albaneza din 1961. In 1963, romanul sau de debut, Generalul armatei moarte, ii aduce consacrearea internationala. In 1982, este infierat la un congres al scriitorilor albanezi drept element dusmanos si ulterior marginalizat. Emigreaza in Franta, in 1990. Opera lui a fost tradusa in 45 de limbi. Dupa 1990, majoritatea cartilor lui Kadare au aparut simultan in Albania si in Franta, la editura Fayard. Nominalizat de patru ori la premiul Nobel pentru literatura.


Opera.
Generalul armatei moarte (1963). Prima traducere romaneasca a apărut în 1973, la Editura „Univers”, în traducerea lui Focioni Miciacio.
Cetatea (1970),
Mesagerii ploii (1970; Humanitas Fiction, 2010),
Cronică în piatră (1971; Humanitas Fiction, 2012),
O capitală în noiembrie (1974),
Amurgul zeilor stepei (1976; Humanitas Fiction, 2009),
Iarna marii însingurări (1977),
Aprilie spulberat (1978),
Podul cu trei arce (1978, Humanitas Fiction, 2015)
Firida Rușinii (1978),
Palatul Viselor (1981; Humanitas Fiction, 2007),
Concert la sfârșitul toamnei (1988).
=============================================
În 1990 Kadare primește azil politic în Franța și până în 2001 locuiește la Paris, perioadă în care îi apar romanele:
=================================================
Piramida (1991),
Umbra (1994; Humanitas Fiction, 2008),
Spiritus (1996; Humanitas Fiction, 2012),
Florile înghețate din martie (2000).
=====================================
În 2001 Kadare se întoarce în Albania. Continuă să scrie romane care se bucură de succes:
======================================
Fiica lui Agamemnon (2003),
Succesorul (2003),
Vremea nebuniei (2005; Humanitas Fiction, 2012),
Accidentul (2008; Humanitas Fiction, 2011),
Cina blestemată (2009; Humanitas Fiction, 2013),
Păpușa (2015; Humanitas Fiction, 2018).
Firmanul orb (Humanitas Fiction, 2017) conține cinci dintre cele mai importante nuvele istorice ale sale.
=============================================
Ismail Kadare este și autorul unor eseuri, scrieri de memorialistică, precum și al cărții-document Moartea care ne-a unit (1998)

wiki ro.