Beth Harris and Steven Zucker were in Siena, Italy, in the baptistery attached to that city’s famous cathedral, when a funny thing happened. They were recording a short video about Donatello’s relief sculpture “The Feast of Herod” for their website, Smarthistory, a once modest resource for art history students that has since become a phenomenal, worldwide success.

The Donatello appears in textbooks, usually as a black-and-white photograph surrounded by words. There are a lot of reasons it’s considered important, but never mind that, for now.
From inside the baptistery (their videos are always recorded on location), Harris and Zucker can be heard explaining why the 15th-century bronze relief was so innovative, why it is attached to a baptismal font and why Donatello showed the shocking moment when Herod is presented with the head of John the Baptist.
At that moment, a baby cries in the background.
Unfazed, Zucker improvises in his warm, gently conspiratorial voice: “We see actually a family coming in now with a baby, and this is clearly a joyous moment. It’s such a strong contrast with the image we’re seeing here.”
The baby wails again, as if taking issue with the assertion that it’s a joyous occasion for all concerned. And Zucker, realizing their time is up, makes haste to round off the commentary: “Oh,” he says. “We’re actually being asked to leave. The baby is apparently going to be baptized.”
Smarthistory
Art and life, pain and joy, past and present, profound and prosaic. All, in an instant, folded into one. What could have been boring and didactic instead hits a kind of pedagogical sweet spot — that priceless moment when a lesson becomes an event. Even if its author had wanted it to, an art history textbook could never produce such a moment.
Zucker and Harris made that video eight years ago. These days, their visuals are of a much higher quality. But their brisk, low-tech approach (“we essentially walk into a museum and record on the spot”) remains fundamentally the same. It’s one of the main ingredients in a secret sauce that has made Smarthistory one of the most visited art history resources in the world.
Smarthistory is a tiny nonprofit. It’s free, you don’t have to register or sign up, and there are no ads. Every year its impact increases. In 2019, its 880 videos and about 2,000 essays about art, all available at smarthistory.org and khanacademy.org, had 48 million page views. The videos are available on YouTube, where Smarthistory has more than 160,000 subscribers.
After the coronavirus pandemic closed art museums and cultural sites around the world, engagement with Smarthistory on YouTube increased 70 percent over the same period last year. And with schools closed, teachers have been tweeting and emailing Zucker and Harris to say that, although Smarthistory has long been a valuable classroom addition, it has become a necessity overnight.

Art historian Beth Harris at Amiens Cathedral in France in 2017.
Art historian Beth Harris at Amiens Cathedral in France in 2017. (Smarthistory)
Smarthistory, which aspires to be a resource for global art history, includes videos made at the Templo Mayor Museum in Mexico City, the Acropolis in Athens and the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, among hundreds of other locations. And it isn’t just for students: “We want everyone to fall in love with looking at art,” Zucker says.
Preparation is key. But so are style and editing. Zucker and Harris have an easy, conversational manner that conveys information efficiently but allows for interruptions, disagreements and expressions of emotion. Viewers, Harris hopes, will feel “like they are eavesdropping on a conversation between experts.”
“We try to take that little isolated photograph in a textbook and put it back in the world,” says Zucker, who met Harris in 1991 while they were adjunct professors at the State University of New York.
Founded in 2005 — the same year YouTube was launched — Smarthistory began as audio recordings intended as a resource for their students. Harris and Zucker used a $30 microphone plugged into an iPod.
Soon they were making videos as well. Their students asked for more content, so they started to organize the material chronologically. A 2008 grant from the Samuel H. Kress Foundation helped them build what would become a Webby Award-winning website.
In 2011, they sent a tweet that led to a collaboration with the Khan Academy, now a giant in the field of online education but at the time a Silicon Valley start-up in a tiny office above a teahouse. Harris was director of digital learning at the Museum of Modern Art — a “dream job” — and Zucker was chairman of the history of art and design department at the Pratt Institute. So it was with some apprehension that they left those positions.
“All of a sudden,” Harris says, “Smarthistory was our full-time job.”
They got better at making the videos as they made more. They also developed a community of collaborators that is continually expanding. Although they split off from Khan Academy after several years, Smarthistory remains that site’s official provider of art history content.
Smarthistory
“Beth and Steven have not just democratized art history education in profound ways, they’ve helped democratize art itself,” says Sal Khan, founder of the Khan Academy. “Their conversational tone and humor backed by their depth of knowledge has allowed millions — including myself — feel like they, too, can be part of the conversation in the art world.”
The 2,000 or so essays on Smarthistory are clear and accessible, written by dozens of experts — professors, curators, authors — many of whom have long relied on the site as a teaching tool and were keen to give back. All are subjected to peer review.
Harris, 59, and Zucker, 58, are modest, collegial and quick to laugh, which conforms with the impression you get from their videos. Neither of them appears in those videos, except occasionally from behind.
On some trips, Zucker and Harris separate and pair off with other experts. A typical video (in fact a montage of still photography rather than moving footage) might begin: “So we’re standing inside of the Rüstem Pasha Mosque here in Istanbul . . .” or: “We’ve walked through a warren of back alleys to find the entrance way to what was once a private garden in the city of Suzhou . . .”
Such descriptive scene-setting is complemented by ambient sounds. “The low, even hum of a crowded gallery is wonderful, since it transports the viewer,” Zucker says. “The echo of a vaulted church, the birds overhead at an archaeological site really help.”
Some sounds threaten to become too intrusive, they say: The gravel on the acropolis in Athens “that children love to drag their feet through”; a floor-waxing machine in St. Peter’s Basilica; or “amazingly loud crickets” at the Roman Forum.
To record in front of Rembrandt’s “The Night Watch,” at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, Harris and Zucker went to the museum on a Sunday morning. They made sure they were at the front of the line, then raced upstairs to work before the crowds arrived.

Steven Zucker photographs an apse mosaic in the south chapel of the Basilica di Santa Maria Assunta in Venice.
Steven Zucker photographs an apse mosaic in the south chapel of the Basilica di Santa Maria Assunta in Venice. (Smarthistory)
Beth Harris at the Roman Forum in December 2019.
Beth Harris at the Roman Forum in December 2019. (Smarthistory)
Harris and Zucker were both born in Brooklyn, to what they describe as “middle- and working-class” parents. Growing up, “it felt like [art] wasn’t for me,” Harris says. “I felt like I needed to pretend I had a British accent and hide my Brooklyn accent when I went into an art gallery.”
Zucker and Harris understand that there are barriers to making art accessible to everyone: the cost of museum tickets and textbooks; the lack of art education in schools; and the common belief that talking about art, like talking about wine, requires its own special language.
There is an easy grace to the way Zucker and Harris combat all this on their videos. Their answer, however, has not been to dumb down the field.
On the contrary, they believe passionately in the value of expertise. “Steven and I both believe that the tools of our discipline are really valuable for helping people understand the power of images in our lives,” Harris says.
They recently had to plead with YouTube to restore several videos — including one on Rembrandt’s “Bathsheba at her Bath” and another on Michelangelo’s “Sistine Chapel” — that the site took down because its algorithms had detected nudity. They have good contacts at YouTube, so they were lucky, but, Harris says, “it took us quite a bit of work to get YouTube to reverse those decisions.”
They are convinced that the humanities — “the stories that make us human” — are needed to counter “the algorithms that increasingly define the ways we interact,” Harris says. “We don’t want engineers writing code who have never studied literature, art, history, philosophy or religion.”
For Harris, art is vital if we are to learn how to process “all the things we are going through today with the [coronavirus] pandemic — all the fear and anxiety it’s engendering.” Art, she says, “gives us a sense of sympathy with one another and with those in the past.”
“But here’s the critical part: I think that going to a museum doesn’t in and of itself do that, and I think there’s too much of an assumption that it does — that all you have to do is go and look, and that through osmosis or something, looking at a Rembrandt, a deeper sense of humanity will unfold and you’ll have this sympathy with people of the past.”
We need, she says, assistance — the keys to open the door.
Speaking of which, in February, Zucker and Harris recorded audio and shot photos at the Art Institute of Chicago for a video about how to recognize saints. Traditionally, artists have given different Christian saints different attributes — costumes or props — to indicate their identity. The idea of the video, Zucker says, “was to say, ‘Oh, there are the keys — that’s Peter!’”
“Just that simple thing. Giving people a kind of foothold.”